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Here is a graph of frame size over time in these 33MB," he says. "This measurement does not include audio. Pierre Bourdon tells us that the Wii U uses variable bitrate, meaning that bandwidth scales up according to the complexity of the image it has to encode. This is fairly lavish for an 858x480 stream at 60 frames per second, but the video captured here is only displaying the Wii U's front-end menus. A sample capture from the Wii U WiFi stream offers up 33MB of data captured across 87 seconds - this gives us an average of around 3mbps. Audio, video and input streaming is done over custom protocols."īaseline profile h.264 rules out many of the more advanced compression techniques employed by the codec, but Nintendo makes up for it via sheer, raw bandwidth. There is no Miracast anywhere in that GamePad. We found mentions of when we started working on the GamePad, but it turned out to be false. "Audio is usually uncompressed, but we've found mentions of compressed audio formats in the firmware. "Video is compressed using h.264 (baseline profile, so no B frames)," Bourdon shares.
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The device firmware is stored in an unencrypted Flash, which allowed us to reverse engineer the binary code pretty easily."Ĭustom communication protocols means we can discount previous theories that Nintendo employed the use of Broadcom's streaming video Miracast technology to get the Wii U GamePad working, although there are similarities. "The GamePad is actually not a very secure device (compared to the Wii U). This took us less than a week - our time since then has been spent reverse engineering the custom communication protocol used between the Wii U and the GamePad."
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"We modified wpa_supplicant/hostapd to have it work with the non-standard things, and were able to pair a PC with a Wii U that way. It turns out the pairing is (almost) standard WPS, with just a little obfuscation added to the crypto," Bourdon continues. "We started our work by sniffing a Wii U/GamePad pairing, assuming WiFi encryption keys would be transferred during pairing.
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Controller inputs themselves are beamed back to the Wii U via the same WiFi channel (180 times per second no less), in contrast to the Bluetooth employed by the Wiimote.
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The GamePad itself isn't anywhere near as complex as even the most basic Android tablet - essentially it's a standard game controller, with a touch-screen and a WiFi card, paired up with a decoder chip for the incoming video stream. It is also using almost standard 802.11n, which made things easy to experiment on a PC." The device firmware is stored in an unencrypted Flash, which allowed us to reverse engineer the binary code pretty easily. Hackers) got our hands on it," Bourdon tells us. "We started working on the Wii U GamePad as soon as we (me and two other


In hacking the GamePad, we reasoned that the developers would have extensive information on how Nintendo's innovative controller actually works. When we heard the news on Twitter, we contacted developer Pierre Bourdon to find out more.

The Wii U GamePad has been reverse-engineered by the developers behind the Dolphin GameCube/Wii emulator, with the controller's functions completely simulated on PC.
